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Tuesday, 19 January 2021
Monday, 18 January 2021
Immune system and child
Immune system and child
The immune system protects your child's body from outside invaders. These include germs such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi, and toxins chemicals made by microbes. The immune system is made up of different organs, cells, and proteins that work together.
There are 2 main parts of the immune system:
The innate immune system: You are born with this.
The adaptive immune system: You develop this when your body is exposed to microbes or chemicals released by microbes.
The innate immune system:
This is your child's rapid response system. It is the first to respond when it finds an invader. It is made up of the skin, the eye's cornea, and the mucous members that line the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary tracts. These all create physical barriers to help protect your child's body. They protect against harmful germs, parasites, or cells.
The innate immune system is inherited. It is active from the moment your child is born. When this system recognizes an invader, it goes into action right away. The cells of this immune system surround and cover the invader. The invader is killed inside the immune system cells.
The innate immune system provides an early first line of defense against invading pathogens. The cells involved are neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells, which all interact with the adaptive immune system. These cells develop and mature during fetal life, but at different times, and the function of all components of innate immunity is weak in newborns compared with later life.
Mature neutrophils are present at the end of the first trimester and steeply increase in number, stimulated by a granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor, shortly before birth. Their number then returns to a stable level within days, but they show weak bactericidal functions, poor responses to inflammatory stimuli, reduced adhesion to endothelial cells, and diminished chemotaxis.
In preterm and newborn infants, classical monocytes and macrophages are also immature. They have reduced TLR4 expression with impaired innate signaling pathways, resulting in diminished cytokine responses compared with adults. Consequently, there is poor tissue repair, impaired phagocytosis of potential pathogens, and poor secretion of bioactive molecules.
The acquired immune system:
The acquired immune system, with the innate system, makes cells to protect your body from a specific invader. These antibodies stay in your child's body. It can take several days for antibodies to form. After the first exposure, the immune system will recognize the invader and defend against it. The acquired immune system changes during your child's life. Immunizations train your child's immune system to make antibodies to protect him or her from harmful diseases.
The cells of both of the immune system are made in different organs of the body, including:
Adenoids: Two glands located at the back of the nasal passage.
Bone marrow: The soft, spongy tissue found in bone cavities.
Lymph nodes: Small organs shaped like beans, which are located all over the body and connect via the lymphatic vessels.
Lymph vessels: A network of channels all over the body that carries lymphocytes to the lymphoid organs and bloodstream.
Peter's patches: Lymphoid tissue in the small intestine.
Spleen: A fist-sized organ located in the belly cavity.
Thymus: Two lobes that join in front of the windpipe behind the breastbone.
Tonsils: Two oval masses in the back of the throat.
Boosting the baby's immune system:
"Breastfeeding is probably one of the best ways to help support a baby's immune system when it's developing". Getting babies the recommended vaccines at the scheduled times also helps to protect them from the different infections they are at risk for at the age.
Kids and colds:
Proper hand-washing is important to prevent the spread of colds and the flu virus and other types of infections. When kids can't wash their hands, they should use a hand sanitizer to kills germs. Over time as the immune system recognizes certain viruses, it will get better at preventing infection, especially if the person has a balanced diet and a good lifestyle. Taking vitamins won't hurt either but they don't replace a well-balanced diet.
Monday, 11 January 2021
Coughs and colds in children
Coughs and colds in children
Is your child sneezing, coughing, and complaining about a sore throat, so there's no parent in the world who hasn't been there? Find out how to keep those cold symptoms in check and prevent your kid from getting sick the next time. coughs and colds are usually caused by infection with a germ called a virus. They normally clear away on their own, and antibiotic medicines are usually in use.
More than 200 different viruses can cause this infection, but the rhinovirus is the most common culprit. Antibiotics, which fight bacteria, won't treat your child's cold because cold is a viral illness. Viral illness cannot be treated with antibiotics. Except in newborns or in immuno- compromised children, colds in healthy children aren't dangerous. They usually go away in 4 to 10 days without treatment.
Most coughs and colds are caused by germs called viruses. Many different viruses can infect the nose and throat. They are passed on by coughing and sneezing the virus into the air. An average preschool and primary school child has 3-8 coughs or colds per year. Some children will have more than this. Sometimes several coughs or colds occur one after the other. A child who lives with smokers has an increased risk of developing coughs and colds, and the colds they get may last longer.
Symptoms:
When a child gets a cold, it starts when they have a general feeling of not being well, often followed by a sore throat runny nose, or cough. Beginning the sore throat is due to a buildup of mucus. Later, the child may get a postnasal drip, when the mucus runs down the back of their nose to the throat.
Child cold gets worse, they may wake up with symptoms like these:
- watery eyes
- Watery mucus in the nose
- Sneezing
- Feeling of tiredness
- Fever
- Sore throat
- Cough
A cold virus can affect a child's sinuses, throat, bronchial tubes, and ears, they also have diarrhea and vomiting. The child may be irritable and complain of a headache and feeling stuffed up. After a while, the mucus coming out of their nose may turn darker and thicker.
Most coughs and colds get better without complications. Sometimes a more serious infection develops from an initial viral infection. For example an ear infection, chest infection, or pneumonia. Symptoms to look out for that may mean your child has more than just a cold include:
- Breathing problems: Wheezing fast breathing, noisy breathing, or difficulty with breathing.
- Being unable to swallow
- Drowsiness
- Unusual irritability or persistent crying, in a baby, or if the baby is not taking feeds.
- Chest pains
- A rash
- Persistent high temperatures, particularly if a baby aged less than 3 months has a raised temperature higher
- Vey severe headache, sore throat, earache, or swollen glands
- A cough that persists for longer than 3-4 weeks.
- Symptoms getting worse rather than better after about five days
of a cold.
- Symptoms (other than an irritating cough) lasting more than about
ten days. This is particularly important if your child has mucus or phlegm
(sputum) which is green, yellow, or brown, as it may indicate infection with
other germs called bacteria.
- Any symptom that you cannot explain.
See a
doctor if any symptoms develop that you are concerned about. This is
particularly important if your child has a long-term illness or medical
condition - for example, chest/breathing/heart problems or neurological
disease. Doctors are skilled at checking children over to rule out serious
illness. They may not be able to prescribe anything more effective for a common
cough or cold, but a check-over can be reassuring.
- Coughs and colds often do not
need any treatment.
Make sure your child has enough
to drink. Low body fluid (dehydration) may develop if a child has a raised
temperature (fever) and does not drink much.
Resting probably helps the body to fight off viruses more quickly.
Preventing colds in children:
Wash hands often: Cold germs can liner on frequently touched surfaces: door handles, toys, and own hands. The biggest method of prevention is good hygiene. Proper hand-washing with soap creates enough friction to get rid of most related germs.
Avoid others who are sick:
Mucous droplets expelled by sneezing or coughing can easily infect others in close range. The Mott poll found that 64 % of parents would ask a relative with a cold not to hug or kiss their child, 60 % would cancel a play date if attendees are ill.
Prevent cross-contamination:
Young kids, as many parents know, are likely to put hands and fingers in their nose and mouth. Offer a firm reminder that doing so could make them sick. Teach children not to share drinkware or utensils with each other.
Clean the affected surfaces:
To help keep germs off nightstands and coffee tables, among other places, tell children to throw used tissues in the toilet or a trash can. Use bleach-based wipes to disinfect shared items, appliances, and other surfaces.
Skip the supplements:
Just over half of respondents give their kids an over-the-counter vitamin or supplement, including vitamin C and multivitamins to ward off colds. But there's no proof these products work. A healthy diet and proper sleep can help a child's immune system perform at its best.
Homeopathy:
There are many various types of cough and especially during winter tickly coughs, productive coughs, croupy coughs. Homeopathic cough medicine for children helps in treating cough very effectively. Cough and cold may lead to stress and discomfort for the children, which also causes sore muscles, and lack of sleep.
The correct and genuine homeopathic medicines for children can give fast relief. It can also eradicate the underlying cause of the cough and cold. This is one of the most general problems, especially among children. A viral infection that affects the respiratory system leads to a cold.
Homeopathic cough medicine for children usually goes well with other treatments. A homeopathic remedy is a huge benefit over modern medicine which has no authentic and right cure for the common cold.
Sunday, 3 January 2021
Frontal lobe disorder
Frontal lobe disorder
Frontal lobe disorder is an impairment of the frontal lobe that
occur due to disease or head trauma. The frontal lobe of the brain
plays a key role in higher mental functions such as motivation,
planning, social behavior, and speech production.
A frontal lobe syndrome can be caused by a range of conditions
including head trauma, tumors, degenerative diseases, neurosurgery
and cerebrovascular disease. Frontal lobe impairment can be
detected by recognition of typical clinical signs, use of simple
screening tests, and specialist neurological testing.
Frontal lobe anatomy and function:
The brain has two hemispheres, the left and the right, which are
further divided into three sections, the forebrain, the midbrain.
Differentiation if these separate parts occur during fetal
development. Each has specific functions:
- The hindbrain controls respiration and heart rate.
- The midbrain controls reflex actions such as eye movement
- The forebrain controls emotional perceptions and responses,
involuntary movements, sleep patterns, memory, and organizational
ability.
The forebrain eventually develops into the cerebrum, the outer layer
of which is called the cerebral cortex. The frontal lobe is one of the
four lobes of the cerebral cortex, which also includes the temporal
lobe, the parietal lobe, and the occipital lobe. Each of these regions
carries out specific functions and damage to any of these lobes
results in corresponding impairment. The frontal lobes are relatively
large compared to other regions of the brain, and the extensive
functions controlled by the frontal lobe is reflected in its proportional size.
Frontal lobe anatomy and function:
The brain has two hemispheres, the left, and the right, which are further divided into three sections, the forebrain the midbrain, and the hindbrain. Differentiation of these separate parts occurs during fetal development. Each has specific functions:
- The hindbrain controls respiration and heart rate
- The midbrain controls reflex actions such as eye movement
- The forebrain controls emotional perceptions and responses, involuntary movements, sleep patterns, memory, and organizational ability.
The forebrain eventually develops into the cerebrum, the outer layer of which is called the cerebral cortex. The frontal is one of the four lobes of the cerebral cortex, which also includes the temporal lobe, the parietal lobe, and the occipital lobe.
Each of these regions carries out specific functions and damage to any of these lobes results in corresponding impairment.
The frontal lobes are relatively large compared to other regions of the brain, and the extensive functions controlled by the frontal lobe is reflected in its proportional size.
Social and emotional skills:
The frontal lobe plays a substantial role in decision making, self-control, and emotional regulation, providing the ability to behave appropriately in interpersonal situations and to regular behavior in a socially acceptable manner.
Cognitive skills:
The frontal lobe also integrates thinking skills by maintaining attention, high-level thinking, and problem-solving. It is believed humans' large frontal lobes are responsible for advanced thinking and innovation, as well as the ability to imagine situations.
Motor function:
There are some differences between the right and left frontal lobes. The back of the frontal lobe is a
Motor Function:
There are some differences between the right and left frontal lobes. The back of the frontal lobe is a region called the motor strip, which controls and directs the body's voluntary physical movements. The left motor strip controls movements of the right side of the body, while the right motor strip controls movements of the left side of the body.
Language and spatial abilities:
There are also functions that are predominantly controlled by the frontal lobe or the right frontal lobe. Along with neighboring parietal
Language and Spatial Abilities:
There are also functions that are predominantly by the left frontal lobe or the right frontal lobe. Alonge with the neighboring parietal and temporal lobes, the dominant frontal lobe is involved in language, rational, quantitative, and logical thinking, and analytical reasoning.
Signs and Symptoms:
The signs and symptoms of frontal lobe disorder can be indicated by Dysexecutive syndrome which consists of a number of symptoms that tend to occur together.
- Cognitive movement and speech, emotional or behavioral. Although many of these symptoms regularly co-occur, it is common to encounter patients who have several, but not all of these symptoms. This is one reason why some researchers are beginning to argue that dysexecutive syndrome is not the best term to describe these various symptoms.
- The fact many of the dysexecutive syndromes can occur alone has led some researchers to suggest that the symptoms should not be labeled as a syndrome as such. Some of the latest imaging research on frontal cortex areas suggests that executive functions may be more discrete than was previously thought.
Signs/ symptoms can be divided as follows:
Movement:
- Tremor
- apraxia
- Dystonia
- Gait disorder
- Clumsiness
Emotional:
- Difficulty in inhibiting emotions, anger, excitement
- Depression
- Difficulty in understanding other's points of view.
Behavioral:
- Utilization behavior
- Perseveration behavior
- social inhibition
- compulsive eating
Language signs:
- Aphasia
- Expressive aphasia
Causes:
Damage to the frontal lobe is most commonly caused by degenerative disease or a stroke, and there are other, less common conditions that affect the frontal lobes as well.
Dementia:
The second-most common cause of dementia in people under 65 is frontotemporal dementia(FTD), a group of disorders affecting the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain
As neurons in the frontal and temporal lobes become atrophied over time difficulty in thinking, controlling emotions, inability to organize, trouble communicating, and unusual behavior develop.
Stroke:
Stroke and transient ischemic attacks can also impair the function of the frontal lobe. When blood flow through one or more of the blood vessels that provides blood to an area of the frontal lobe becomes interrupted or blood, the corresponding region of the brain suffers and cannot functions as it should.
Other causes:
Causes of damage or injury to the frontal lobe may include the following:
- Huntington's disease
- Cerebral palsy
- Brain tumors
- Infections
- Traumatic brain injury
Diagnosis:
Frontal lobe disorders may be recognized through a sudden and dramatic change in a person's personality, for example with loss of social awareness, disinhibition, emotional instability, irritability, or impulsiveness.
Examination:
On mental state examination, a person with frontal lobe damage may show speech problems, with reduced verbal fluency. Typically the person is lacking in insight and judgment but does not have marked cognitive abnormalities or money impairment, with more severe impairment there may be echolalia or mutism.
Further investigation:
A range of neuropsychological tests is available for clarifying the nature and extent of the frontal lobe dysfunction. Concept formation and ability to shift mental sets can be measured with the Wisconsin card sorting test, planning can be assessed with the mazes subtest of the WISC. Individuals with pick's disease will show frontal cortical atrophy on MRI'S. Frontal impairment due to head injuries, tumors, or cerebrovascular disease will also appear on brain imaging.
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