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Tuesday 28 July 2020

Rubric: Buoyancy



Buoyancy is a quality that
makes things float 




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Sunday 26 July 2020

Adenomyosis

                                             Adenomyosis







Adenomyosis is a condition in which the inner lining of 

the uterus (the endometrium) breaks through the muscle 

wall of the uterus (the myometrium). Adenomyosis can 

cause menstrual cramps, lower abdominal pressure, and 

bloating before menstrual periods and can result in heavy 

periods.


Adenomyosis most often occurs late in childbearing years

 and typically disappears after menopause.


 Sometimes, adenomyosis may cause heavy or prolonged 

menstrual bleeding, severe cramping, pain during 

intercourse or blood clots that pass during a period.

Certain medications can help relieve pain or lessen  

 heavy bleeding. Removal of the uterus (hysterectomy) 

is the only cure.


Requires a medical diagnosis


Sometimes, adenomyosis may cause heavy or prolonged 

menstrual bleeding, severe cramping, pain during 

intercourse or blood clots that pass during a period.


People may experience:

Pain areas: in the abdomen or pelvis

Pain circumstances: can occur during sexual intercourse

Menstrual: heavy menstruation, irregular menstruation, 

painful menstruation, or spotting. 

While some women diagnosed with adenomyosis have no symptoms, the disease can cause:

  • Heavy, prolonged menstrual bleeding
  • Severe menstrual cramps
  • Abdominal pressure and bloating.

Adenomyosis is a common condition. It is most often diagnosed in middle-aged women and women who have had children. Some studies also, suggest that women who have had prior uterine surgery may be at risk for adenomyosis.

Though the cause of adenomyosis isn't known, studies have suggested that various hormones -- including estrogen, progesterone, prolactin and follicle-stimulating hormone-  -- may trigger the condition.

Diagnosis

   Until recently, the only definitive way to diagnose adenomyosis was to perform a hysterectomy and examine the uterine tissue under a microscope. However, imaging technology has made it possible for doctors to recognize adenomyosis without surgery. Using MRI or transvaginal ultrasound, doctors can see the characteristics of the disease in the uterus.

     If a doctor suspects adenomyosis, the first step is a physical exam. A pelvic exam may reveal an enlarged and tender uterus. An ultrasound can allow a doctor to see the uterus, it's the lining, and its muscular wall. Though ultrasound cannot definitively diagnose adenomyosis, it can help to rule out other conditions with similar symptoms.

     Another technique sometimes used to help evaluate the symptoms associated with adenomyosis is Sonohysterography. In saline solution is injected through a tiny tube into the uterus as an ultrasound is given.

(Sonohysterography: A procedure in which sterile fluid is injected into the uterus through the cervix while ultrasound images are taken of the inside of the uterus.)

MRI-- can be used to confirm a diagnosis of adenomyosis in women with abnormal uterine bleeding.

Because the symptoms are so similar, adenomyosis is often misdiagnosed as uterine fibroids. However, the two conditions are not the same. While fibroids are benign tumors growing in or on the uterine wall, adenomyosis is less of a defined mass of cells within the uterine wall. An accurate diagnosis is key in choosing the right treatment.

Adenomyosis Cause Infertility?

Because many women who have adenomyosis also have endometriosis, it is difficult to tell precisely what role adenomyosis may play in fertility problems. However, some studies have shown that adenomyosis may contribute to infertility. 

Can Adenomyosis Be Cured?

The only definitive cure for adenomyosis is a hysterectomy or the removal of the uterus. This is often the treatment of choice for women with significant symptoms.




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Wednesday 15 July 2020

Cotard's Delusion (Walking Corpse Syndrome)

                                            Cotard's Delusion 



     Also known as walking corpse syndrome or Cotard's syndrome, is a rare mental disorder in which the affected person holds the delusional belief that they are dead, do not exist, is purifying, or have lost their blood or internal organs. 

 Cotard delusion is a rare condition marked by the false belief that you or your body parts are dead, dying, or don't exist. It usually occurs with severe depression and some psychotic disorders. It can accompany other mental illness and neurological conditions. You might also hear it referred to as walking corpse syndrome, Cotard's syndrome, or nihilistic delusion. 

In 1880, the Neurologist Jules Cotard described the condition as Le delire negations(The Delirium of Negation), a psychiatric syndrome of varied severity. 

Sings & Symptoms: 




 The delusion of negation is the central symptom in Cotard's syndrome. The patient usually desires their own existence, the existence of a certain body part, or the existence of a portion of their body. Cotard's syndrome exists in three stages:

Stage 1:
 Germination stage: symptoms of psychotic depression and of hypochondria appear 

Stage 2
 Blooming stage: full development of the syndrome and delusions of negation 

Stage 3:
 Chronic stage: continued severe delusions along with chronic psychiatric depression. 

Cotard's syndrome withdraws the afflicted person form, other people, due to neglect of their personal hygiene and physical health. Delusions of negation of self prevent the patient from making sense of external reality, which then produces a distorted view of the external world. 

    One of the main symptoms of Cotard delusion is Nihilism. Nihilism is the belief that nothing has any value or meaning. It can also include the belief that nothing really exists. People with Cotard delusion feel as if they're dead or rotting away. In some cases, they might feel like they've never existed. 

 While some people feel this way about their entire body, others only feel it in regard to specific organs, limbs, or even their souls. 

 Depression is also closely related to Cotard delusion. Existing research about Cotard delusion notes that 89% of documented cases include depression as a symptom. 

. Anxiety
. Hallucinations 
. Hypochondria
. Guilt
. Hurting yourself or death

Pathophysiology:

  The underlying neurophysiology, and psychopathology, of Cotard syndrome, might be related to problems of delusions misidentification. Neurologically, Cotard's delusion is thought to be related to Capgras delusion, each type of delusion is thought to result from neural misfiring in the fusiform face area of the brain, which recognizes faces, and in the amygdala, which associate emotions to a recognized face. 

  The neural disconnection creates in the patient a sense that the face they are observing is not the face of the person to whom it belongs, therefore that face lacks the familiarity normally associated with it. 

 Cotard delusion seems to occur more often in people who think their personal characteristics, rather than their environment, cause their behavior. People who believe that their environment causes their behavior are more likely to have a related condition called Capgras syndrome.  This syndrome causes people to think their family and friends have been replaced by imposters. Cotard delusion and Capgras syndrome can also appear together. 

Mental health conditions that might increase someone's risk developing Cotard delusion include:

. Bipolar disorder
. Postpartum depression 
. Catatonia
. Depersonalization
. Dissociative disorder
. Psychotic depression
. Schizophrenia

Cotard delusion also seems to be associated with certain neurological conditions, including: 

. Brain infections 
. Brain tumors
. Dementia
. Epilepsy
. Migraines
. Multiple sclerosis
. Parkinson's disease
. Stroke
. Traumatic brain injuries.

Diagnosed

   Diagnosing Cotard delusion is often difficult because most organizations don't recognize it as a disease. This means there's no standardized list of criteria used to make a diagnosis. In most cases, it's only diagnosed after other possible conditions have been ruled out. 

   According to the DSM-5: Cotard's delusion falls under the category of Somatic delusions, those that involve bodily functions or sensations. There are no further diagnostic criteria for Cotards syndrome within the DSM-5, and identification of the syndrome relies heavily on clinical interpretation. 

Complications: 

     Feeling like you've already died can lead to several complications. For example, some people stop bathing or taking care of themselves, which can cause those around them to start distancing themselves. This can then lead to additional feelings of Depression and isolation. In some cases, it can also lead to skin and teeth problems. Suicide attempts are also common in people with Cotard delusion. Some see it as a way to prove they're already dead bu showing they can't die again. Others feel trapped in a body and life that doesn't seem real. They hope that their life will get better or stop if they die again. 

    Cotard delusion is a rare but serious mental illness. While it can be hard to get the right diagnosis and treatment, it usually responds well to a mix of therapy and medication. Many people need to try several medications, or a combination of them before they find something that works. If nothing seems to work, ECT is often an effective treatment. If you think you have Cotard delusion, try to find a doctor who seems open to listening to your symptoms and working with you to diagnose or address any other conditions you might have. 


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Sunday 12 July 2020

Rubric: Delusion, dead persons, sees: Delusion, talking as with dead people:


                  Delusion, dead persons sees,

     Delusion, talking as with dead people





Rubric: Delusion, dead persons, sees: Delusion, talking as with dead people: a misleading of the mind; illusion; error or mistake proceeding from false views.





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Tuesday 7 July 2020

Rubric - Tourette syndrome & obsessive-compulsive disorder

            Rubric - Tourette syndrome & obsessive-compulsive disorder 


 


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FcUTaEjQNIY&t=8s 


Tourette syndrome and obsessive-compulsive disorder: Tourette syndrome: Tourette syndrome is a common neuropsychiatric disorder with onset in childhood, characterized by multiple motor tics and at least one vocal (phonic) tic. My blog about Tourette syndrome link is there

https://drfarooqeliteclinic.blogspot....

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