Overeating

                                                           Overeating 

     Overeating is the excess food consumed in relation to the energy that an organism expends, leading to weight gaining and often obesity. It may be regarded as an eating disorder. This may also be used to refer to specific episodes of over-consumption. Compulsive over-eaters depend on food to comfort themselves when they are stressed, suffering bouts of depression, and have feelings of helplessness. In a broader sense, hyperalimentation includes excessive food administration through other means than eating. 

How overeating can be an addiction:

  Overeating is a common problem. It can lead to numerous other problems, ranging from heartburn in the short term to obesity in the long term. It has also been found to be associated with many GI symptoms, including abdominal pain, particularly in the upper gastrointestinal tract, bloating, and diarrhea. Eating too much one time won't cause obesity, but it may cause discomfort, pain, and interference with sleep. 

  So over a longer period of time, overeating on a regular basis, without adequate exercise can lead to obesity. 

 When we eat foods we enjoy, the body releases dopamine, which is associated with feelings of pleasure or reward, and it encourages us to eat even more. So even if overeating causes pain and discomfort, we may feel compelled to continue overeating. 

Symptoms:

 Most people with binge-eating disorder are overweight or obese, but you may be at a normal weight. Behavioral and emotional signs and symptoms of binge-eating disorder include: 

. Eating unusually large amounts of food in a specific amount of time, such as over two hours period.

. Feeling that your eating behavior is out of control.

. Eating even when you're full or not hungry. 

. Eating rapidly during binge episodes.

. Eating until you're uncomfortably full.

. Frequently eating or in secret. 

. Feeling depressed, disgusted, ashamed, guilty, or upset about your eating. 

. Frequently dieting, possibly without weight loss.

 Unlike a person with bulimia, after a binge, you don't regularly compensate for extra calories eaten by vomiting, using laxatives pr exercising excessively. You may try to diet or eat normal meals, but restricting your diet may simply lead to more binge eating. 

Causes:

    The causes of binge-eating disorder are unknown, but genetics, biological factors, long-term dieting, and psychological issues increase your risk. 

Risk factors: 

    Binge-eating disorder is more common in women than in men. Although people of any age can have binge-eating disorder, it often beings in the late teens or early 20s.

 Factors that can increase your risk of developing binge-eating disorder include:  

. Family history:   

   You're much more likely to have an eating disorder if your parents or sibling have an eating disorder. This may indicate that inherited genes increase the risk of developing an eating disorder.

. Dieting:

    Many people with binge-eating disorder have a history of dieting. Dieting or restricting calories during the day may trigger an urge to binge eat, especially if you have symptoms of depression.   

 .Psychological issues:

   Many people who have binge-eating disorder feel negative about themselves and their skills and accomplishments. Triggers for bingeing can include stress, poor body self0image, and availability of preferred binge foods. 

Complications: 

  You may develop psychological and physical problems related to binge eating. 

Complications that may be caused by binge-eating disorder include:

 

. Poor quality of life

. Problems functioning at work, with your personal life, or in social situations

. Social isolation

. Obesity

. Medical conditions related to obesity, such as joint problems, heart disease, type 2 diabetes, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and some sleep-related breathing disorders. 

Psychiatric disorders that are often linked with the binge-eating disorder include:

 - Depression

- Bipolar disorder

- Anxiety

- Substance use disorders 

Binge eating:

  Binge eating involves consuming a large amount of food in a short space of time. Binges, by definition, require you to eat more food than people normally do, and more food than you need. 

Overeating from supersize meal portions: 

  Supersize meal portion is commonly the extra portions of fast food meal servings where the food portion you buy is much larger than a normal meal portion. Supersize meal portions are heavily marked. 

Stress eating: 

    Stress eating, although closely related to emotional eating, is more heavily driven by anxiety rather than depression, and maybe a way of fueling overwork when the time is not taken for adequate breaks or meals. 

Sugar addiction:

       Sweet, sugary food is particularly addictive to many people. Some overeaters binge on confectionary or other sweet foods, with chocolate having a particular allure. 

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Peyronie's Disease

                                         Peyronie's Disease

      Peyronie's disease is a noncancerous condition resulting from fibrous scar tissue that develops on the penis and causes curved, painful erections. 

   Penises vary in shape and size, and having curved erections isn't necessarily a cause for concern, but Peyronie's disease causes a significant bend or pain in some men. 

 This can prevent you from having sex or might make it difficult to get or maintain an erection (erectile dysfunction). For many men, Peyronie's disease also causes stress and anxiety. Penile shortening is another common concern.  

  Peyronie's disease rarely goes away on its own. In most men with Peyronie's disease, the condition will remain as is or worsen. Early treatment soon after developing the condition may keep it from getting worse or even improve symptoms. Even if you've had the condition for some time, treatment may help improve bothersomely, such as pain, curvature, and penile shortening. 

Symptoms:

 Peyronie's disease signs and symptoms might appear suddenly or develop gradually. The most common signs and symptoms include: 

. Scar tissue: The scar tissue associated with Peyronie's disease- called plaque but different from plaque that can build up in the blood vessels, can be felt under the skin of the penis as flat lumps or a band of hard tissue. 

. A significant bend to the penis: Your penis might curve upward or downward or bend to one side. 

. Erection problems: Peyronie's disease might cause problems getting or maintaining an erection (erectile dysfunction) but, often men report erectile dysfunction before the beginning of Peyronie's disease symptoms. 

. Shortening of the penis: Your penis might become shorter as a result of Peyronie's disease

. Pain: You might have penile pain, with or without an erection. 

. Other penile deformities: In some men with Peyronie's disease, the erect penis might have narrowing, indentations, or even an hourglass-like appearance, with a tight, narrow band around the shaft. 

   The curvature and penile shortening associated with Peyronie's disease might gradually worsen. At some point, however, the condition typically stabilizes after three to 12 months or so. 

  Pain during erections usually improves within one to two years, but the scar tissue, penile shortening, and curvature often remain. In some men, both the curvature and pain associated with Peyronie's disease improve without treatment. 

Causes:

 The cause of Peyronie's disease isn't completely understood, but a number of factors appear to be involved. 

   It's thought Peyronie's disease generally results from repeated injury to the penis. For example, the penis might be damaged during sex, athletic activity as the result of an accident. However, most often, no specific trauma to the penis is recalled. 

  During the healing process after injury to the penis, scar tissue forms in a disorganized manner. This can lead to a nodule you can feel or the development of curvature. 

 Each side of the penis contains a sponge-like tube (corpus cavernosum) that contains many tiny blood vessels. Each of the corpora cavernosa is encased in a sheath of elastic tissue called the tunica albuginea which stretches during an erection. 

 When you become sexually aroused, blood flow to these chambers increases. As the chambers fill with blood, the penis expands, straightens, and stiffens into an erection. 

 In Peyronie's disease, when the penis becomes erect, the region with the scar tissue doesn't stretch, and the penis bends or becomes disfigured and possibly painful. 

 In some men, Peyronie's disease comes on gradually and doesn't seem to be related to an injury. Researchers are investigating whether Peyronie's disease comes on gradually and doesn't seem to be related to an injury. Researchers are investigating whether Peyronie's disease might be linked to an inherited trait or certain health conditions. 

Risk Factors: Minor injury to the penis doesn't always lead to Peyronie's disease. However, various factors can contribute to poor wound healing and scar tissue buildup that might play a role in Peyronie's disease. These include:  

. Heredity: If a family member has Peyronie's disease, you have an increased risk of the condition. 

. Connective tissue disorders: Men who have certain connective tissue disorders appear to have an increased risk of developing Peyronie's disease. 

.Age: Peyronie's disease can occur in men of any age, but the prevalence of the condition increases with age, especially for men in their 50s and 60s. Curvature in younger men is less often due to Peyronie's disease and is more commonly called congenital penile curvature. 

Other factors: Including certain health conditions, smoking, and some types of prostate surgery might be linked to Peyronie's disease. 

Complications: 

. Inability to have sexual intercourse

. Difficulty achieving or maintaining an erection (erectile dysfunction)

. Anxiety or stress about sexual ability or the appearance of your penis. 

. Stress on your relationship with your sexual partner

. Difficulty fathering a child, because intercourse is difficult or impossible

. Reduced penis length 

. Penile pain

Diagnosis: 

  A physical exam is often sufficient to identify the presence of scar tissue in the penis and diagnose Peyronie's disease. Rarely, other conditions cause symptoms and need to be ruled out. 

Tests to diagnose Peyronie's disease and understands exactly what's causing your symptoms might include the following:

 . Physical exam: The doctor will feel you when it's not erect, to identify the location and amount of scar tissue. He or she might also measure the length of your penis. If the condition continues to worsen, this initial measurement helps determine whether the penis has shortened. 

. Your doctor might also ask you to bring in photos of your penis taken at home. This can determine the degree of curvature, location of scar tissue, or other details that might help identify the best treatment approach. 

Other tests: The doctor might order an ultrasound or other tests to examine your penis when it's erect. Before testing, you'll likely receive an injection directly into the penis that causes it to become erect. 

 Ultrasound is the most commonly used test for penis abnormalities. Ultrasound tests use sound waves to produce images of soft tissues. These tests can show the presence of scar tissue, blood flow to the penis, and any other abnormalities. 

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