Nutrigenomics

                    Nutrigenomics
 Nutritional Genomics is a new scientific discipline that uses modern genomics technology to study the interrelationship between genes, nutrition, and health. it has long been apparent that some people respond differently from others to foods.We all know that the right foods can be therapeutic in nature, especially if they are consumed in accordance with your genetic profile. Nutritional Genomics allows us to understand how our genes affect our
behavior and response to the foods, beverages and the supplements we consume. it also affects how our foods have an impact on gene expression. 

The scientific study of the interaction of nutrition and genes, especially with regard to the prevention or treatment of disease.

Nutrigenomics is a branch of nutritional genomics and is the study of the effects of foods and food constituents on gene expression.This means that nutrigenomics is research focusing on identifying and understanding the molecular-level interaction between nutrients and other dietary bioactive with the genome.Nutrigenomics has also been described by the influence of genetic variation on nutrition, by correlating gene expression or SNPs with a nutrient's absorption, metabolism, elimination or biological effects. By doing so, nutrigenomics aims to develop rational means to optimise nutrition with respect to the subject's genotype.

   By determining the mechanism of the effects of nutrients or the effects of a nutritional regime, nutrigenomics tries to define the causality or relationship between these specific nutrients and specific nutrient regimes (diets) on human health. Nutrigenomics has been associated with the idea of personalized nutrition based on genotype. While there is hope that nutrigenomics will ultimately enable such personalized dietary advice, it is a science still in its infancy and its contribution to public health over the next decade is thought to be major. Whilst nutrigenomics is aimed at developing an understanding of how the whole body responds to a food via systems biology, research into the effect of a single gene/single food compound relationships is known as nutrigenetics. 

Definitions and terms: 

Genomics: The study of the genomes of organisms for determining the entire DNA sequence of organisms and fine-scale genetic mapping (Balammal, G., 2012) while the genome is the set of all genes, regulatory sequences, and other information contained within the noncoding regions of DNA of an organism (Frederick, P. Roth et al., 1998).

Nutritional genomics: The science of relationship between human genome, nutrition and health (Ordovas, J.M., 2004) or the genetic manipulation of plants to create vitamins and minerals that will improve human's diet and analysis of an organism's set of genes, so it is an area of science that looks at how environmental factors, such as diet, influence the genetic makeup (Ordovas, J.M., 2004).

Nutrigenetics: It is the interplay between nutrition and genetics of an individual, branch of science concerned with the effect of heredity on diet and nutrition (Simopoulos, A.P., 2010). The term Nutrigenetics refers to the research on the impact of changes in inherited traits of nuclear DNA, on the response to specific metabolic dysfunctions outcomes getting health chronic damages and disorders (Manzelli, Paolo, 2012, Simopoulos, A.P., 2010). According to WHO reports diet factors influence occurrence of more than two third of diseases and most of these factors belong to the categories of nutrigenetics. In other words, nutrigenetics concerns individual differences in the reaction to food based on the genetic factors and analyses direct influences of nutrients on gene expression (Svacina, S., 2007).

Proteomics: the study of structures and functions of protein and makes an analogy with genomics so, it is the study of the genes while proteome is the entire complement of proteins, including the modifications made to a particular set of proteins produced by an organism or system and the word proteome was coined by Marc Wilkins in 1994 by the blend of protein and genome (James, P., 1997, Marc, R. Wilkins et al., 1996).

Metabolomics: The systematic study of the unique chemical fingerprints that specific cellular processes leave behind with study of their small-molecule metabolite profiles and increasingly being used in a variety of health applications including pharmacology, preclinical drug trials, toxicology, transplant monitoring, newborn screening and clinical chemistry (Nanda T., 2011) while the metabolome is the collection of all metabolites in a biological cell, tissue, organ or organism, end products of cellular processes (Daviss, Bennett, 2005).

Gene expression: The process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product like proteins, but in non-protein coding genes such as ribosomal RNA (rRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA) or small nuclear RNA (snRNA) genes, the product is a functional RNA and this process is used by every living thing like eukaryotes, prokaryotes, and viruses, to generate the macromolecules for their body. This process occurs in two major stages, first is transcription in which the gene is copied to produce an RNA molecule with essentially the same sequence as the gene and second, is protein synthesis known as translation (Oliver Brandenberg et al., 2011, Twyman, Richard, 2003).

Genotype: This is the genetic makeup of a cell, an organism, or an individual with reference to a specific character which is the internally coded, inheritable information, carried by all living organisms and this stored information is used as a blueprint or set of instructions for building and maintaining a living creature (Oliver Brandenberg et al., 2011).

Phenotype: The composite of an organism's observable characteristics or traits such as its morphology, development, biochemical or physiological properties, phenology, behavior, and products of behavior like physical parts, the sum of the atoms, molecules, macromolecules, cells, structures, metabolism, energy utilization, tissues, organs, reflexes and behaviors of a living organism (Oliver Brandenberg et al., 2011).

Polymorphism: Polymorphism in biology occurs when two or more clearly different phenotypes exist in the same population of a species, the occurrence of more than one form or morph. (Oliver Brandenberg et al., 2011).

Allele: An allele is one of two or more forms of a gene or a genetic locus used for an abbreviation of allelomorph and different alleles can result in different observable phenotypic traits, such as different pigmentation. (Oliver Brandenberg et al., 2011).

Epigenetic: A modification of gene expression that is independent of the DNA sequence of the gene (Egger, G., Liang G., et al., 2004). The current definition of epigenetics is the study of heritable changes in gene expression that occur independently of changes in the primary DNA sequence and these heritable changes are established during differentiation and are stably maintained through multiple cycles of cell division, enabling cells to have distinct identities while containing the same genetic information. This heritability of gene expression patterns is mediated by epigenetic modifications, which include methylation of cytosine bases in DNA, posttranslational modifications of histone proteins as well as the positioning of nucleosomes along the DNA (Sharma, Shikhar, 2010).

20.1.2 Nutrigenomics: Let food be thy medicine and medicine thy food (Hippocrates 400 B.C.)

Nutrigenomics is the study of how naturally occurring chemicals in foods alter molecular expression of genetic information in each individual. The term nutrigenomics refers the effect of diet on gene expression or to the impact of inherited on the response to a specific dietary pattern, functional food or supplement on a specific health outcome (Fenech, M., 2005) so called as the "next frontier in the post genomic era" (Castle, D. 2007). It can be described as the study of the relationship between genes, diet lifestyle and health that is nutrition regulate gene function like transcription, translation, and metabolism i.e. diet gene interaction (Ordovas, J.M., 2004).

   Nutrigenomics focuses on understanding that nutrition influences metabolism and maintenance of the internal equilibrium in the body and this regulation affects the diet related diseases (Ordovas J.M., 2004) and offers a powerful and exciting approach to unravel the effect of diet on health. In the past, the nutrition research concentrated on nutrient deficiency and impairment of health but nutrigenomics creates a junction between healthy diet and genomics and it will promote an increased understanding of how nutrition influences metabolic pathway and homeostasis control.

Bibliography: 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrigenomics

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