Amyloidosis

                                                               Amyloidosis

The Build-up of amyloid proteins in the heart, kidney, liver or other organs. Amyloidosis is when an abnormal protein called amyloid builds up in your tissues and organs. When it does, it affects their shape and how they work. Amyloidosis is a serious health problem that can lead to life-threatening organ failure. 

Causes & types pf Amyloidosis:

  Many different proteins can lead to amyloid deposits, but only a few have been linked to major health problems. The type of protein and where it collects tells the type of amyloidosis you have. Amyloid deposits may collect throughout your body or in just one area. 

 The different proteins include:

   Al amyloidosis(immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis).
  This is the most common type and used to be called primary amyloidosis. AL stands for amyloid light chains, which is the type of protein responsible for the condition. There's no known cause, but it happens when your bone marrow makes abnormal antibodies that can't be broken down. It's linked with a blood cancer called multiple myeloma. It can affect your kidneys, heart, liver, intestines, and nerves. 

  AA amyloidosis.

  Previously known as secondary amyloidosis, this condition is the result of other chronic infectious or inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, or ulcerative colitis. It mostly affects your kidneys, but it can also upset your digestive tract, liver, and heart. AA means the amyloid type A protein causes this type. 

Dialysis-related amyloidosis(DRA):

  This is more common in older adults and people who have been on dialysis for more than 5 years. This form of amyloidosis is caused by deposits of beta-2 microglobulin that build up in the blood. Deposits can build up in many different tissues, but it most commonly affects bones, joints, and tendon. 

Familial, or hereditary, amyloidosis:

  This is a rare form passed down through families. It often affects the liver, nerves, heart, and kidneys. Many genetic defects are linked to a higher chance of amyloid disease, for example, abnormal protein-like transthyretin (TTR) can be the cause. 

Age-related (senile) systemic amyloidosis:

 This is caused by deposits of normal TTR in the heart and other tissues. It happens most commonly in older men.  

Organ-specific amyloidosis:

 This causes the deposit of amyloid protein in single organs, including the skin (cutaneous amyloidosis ). Though some types of amyloid deposits have been linked to Alzheimer's disease, the brain is rarely affected by amyloidosis that happens throughout your body. 

Risk factors for amyloidosis:

  Men get amyloidosis more often than women. Your risk for amyloidosis goes up as you grow older. amyloidosis affects 15% of patients with a form of cancer called multiple myeloma. amyloidosis may also happen in people with end-stage kidney disease who are on dialysis for a long time. 

Symptoms of amyloidosis:

 Symptoms of amyloidosis are often subtle. They can also vary greatly depending on where the amyloid protein is collecting in the body. It is important to note that the symptoms described below may be due to a variety of health problems.

General symptoms of amyloidosis may include:

  Symptoms of amyloidosis are often subtle. They can also vary greatly depending on where the amyloid protein is collecting in the body. It is important to note that the symptoms described below may be due to various health problems. 

General symptoms:

  - Changes in skin color
  - Severe fatigue 
  - Feeling of fullness
  - Joint pain
  - Low red blood cell count(Anemia)
  - Shortness of breath 
  - Swelling fo the tongue
  - Tingling and numbness in legs and feet
  - Weak hand grip
  - Severe weakness
  - Sudden weight loss

 Cardiac (Heart) Amyloidosis:

 Amyloid deposits in the heart can make the walls of the heart muscle stiff. They can also make the heart muscle weaker and affect the electrical rhythm of the heart. This condition can cause less blood to flow to your heart. Eventually, your heart will no longer be able to pump normally. if amyloidosis affects your heart, may have:
 - Shortness of breath with light activity
 - An irregular heartbeat
 - Signs of heart failure, including swelling of the feet and ankles, weakness, fatigue, and nausea, among others.

Renal Amyloidosis:

 Kidneys filter waste and toxins from your blood. Amyloid deposits in the kidneys make it hard for them to do this job. When kidneys do not work properly, water and dangerous toxins build up in the body. If amyloidosis affects the kidneys, may here:
- Signs of kidney failure, including swelling of the feet and ankles and puffiness around the eyes
- High levels of protein in the urine.

Gastrointestinal Amyloidosis:

 Amyloid deposits along your gastrointestinal tract slow down the movement of food through the intestine. This interferes with digestion. If amyloidosis affects your GI tract, you may have:

- Less Appetit
- Diarrhea
- Nausea
- Stomach pain
- Weight loss

Amyloid Neuropathy:

 Amyloid deposits can damage the nerves outside your brain and spinal cord called the peripheral nerves. The peripheral nerves carry information between your brain and spinal cord and the rest of the body. Brain perceive pain if you burn your hand or stun your toes. If amyloidosis affects nerves:

- Balance problems 
- Problems controlling your bladder and bowel
- Sweating problems
- Tingling and weakness
- Lightheadedness when standing due to problems with your body's ability to control blood pressure.

Diagnosing Amyloidosis:

 A thorough physical exam and a detailed and accurate account of your medical history are crucial in helping your doctor diagnose amyloidosis. Blood and urine tests can spot abnormal proteins. 

 Depending on your symptoms, your doctor may also check your thyroid and liver. Biopsy to confirm a diagnosis of amyloidosis and know the specific type of protein you have. The tissue sample for the biopsy may be taken from your belly fat, bone marrow, or sometimes your mouth, rectum, or other organs. It's not always necessary to biopsy the part of the body damaged by the amyloid deposits. 

  Imaging tests can also help. they show the amount of damage to organs like your heart, liver, or spleen. 

 Amyloidosis can be deadly, especially if it affects your heart or kidneys. Early diagnosis and treatment are important and can help improve survival. 

 Researchers continue to question why some types of amyloid make people sick and how the formation of amyloid can be stopped.  

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Loneliness is good or bad?

                                             Loneliness

  Loneliness has clear consequences for mental health, aggravating anxiety, depression, and stress-related symptoms. Additionally, it sabotages our physical health. According to two leading researchers, loneliness triggers an inflammatory response and threatens our immune system. 

  The health consequences of loneliness have become of the focus of widespread public dialogue in recent years, as media such as The New York Times, Forbes and the BBC warn of a loneliness "epidemic". Britain's government appointed a new "minister for loneliness" in January to help address the health and social toll of loneliness. 

 Loneliness is distinct from the number of friends a person has or how much time he or she spends alone but is rather defined by a longing for greater social interaction. In other words, you are lonely when your appetite for social interaction is unsatisfied. So, just as you may be able to spend your days alone but never feel lonely, you could be constantly surrounded by friends and family yet still be wanting. 

 Just what makes loneliness so toxic? Scientists are looking for answers by delving into how to human body responds to feeling alienated. By concentrating on understanding the genetics and biological mechanisms involved, researchers are on the path to solutions, if not eradicate loneliness, then at least to blunt its harmful effects. 

  Those who study loneliness typically subscribe to one of two potential explanations, the first is that loneliness is a source fo stress, and stress is known to have a wide range of negative health consequences, including high blood pressure, sleeplessness, indigestion, and poor dietary habits. 

 This need to belongs is a fundamental part of being human. It's like the air we breath. we need oxygen and we need healthy, thriving relationships equally as much. Without these relationships, bad things result, including health problems. 

  One such bad thing types of research are focusing o is the impact of loneliness on immune response, particularly its role in chronic inflammation. Unlike acute inflammation, which people may experience as swelling and redness when they get a cut or are exposed to an allergen, chronic inflammation does not necessarily produce obvious symptoms, but signs of it can be detected via blood tests. 

Inflammatory molecules circulate throughout the body, including the brain. Chronic inflammation is one of the major fertilizers for many of the illnesses associated with loneliness, including heart disease, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders. 

 Differences in the gene expression in the white blood cells of lonely people, compared with non- lonely people. Rather than being in the default anti- viral stance, the immune systems of lonely people appeared to be tipped in favor of producing inflammation.   

 One way of thinking about loneliness is it.. is constantly activating this defensive stance in our body that's getting us ready to be injured. This too may be adaptive, since when humans are alone, they are more vulnerable to predators and enemy attacks. 

 High levels of inflammation in chronically lonely people have led some researchers to wonder whether anti-inflammatory drugs, such as ibuprofen, could block the harmful effects of loneliness. 

  Conceptually, at least, this may be possible, Jarema says, but it does not address the underlying problems. If you were to, stop using those drugs, and you are still lonely, then you are going to experience high inflammation again, 

  Loneliness, after all, serves an important function, studying how much of loneliness is genetic. Professor of psychiatry and vice-chair of basic research explains loneliness may be a warning signal that motivates people to try to develop social links, in the same way, the pain of a burn motivates people to move away from a hot flame. 

 It's important to maintain social connections for child-rearing, for generating food, etc. It's important to be part of a group, He says so it's uncomfortable when you are failing to do that because that is actually a danger.' 

 Mental health America suggests a variety of options for combatting loneliness. Outdoor activities and experiencing nature support emotional wellbeing and decrease depression and anxiety. Taking classes of interest refreshes our mind and helps us make new connections. 

 The National Institutes of Health reminds us of the value of volunteering. Helping others is one of the best ways to break the cycle of loneliness. It also encourages us to practice gratitude, a habit strongly linked to happiness and wellbeing. Business leaders can create volunteer opportunities throughout the workplace to build teamwork and company morale. Badd habit of not taking advantage of fo their much-needed vacation time. Vacations are an essential way to reconnect with family and loved ones, especially since many families are spread out geographically in the U.S.A culture that makes employees feel guilty for using vacation time is counterproductive in the long run. 

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Thumb sucking

                                                Thumb sucking

 Thumb sucking is a behavior found in humans, chimpanzees, captive ring-tailed lemurs, and other primates. It usually involves placing the thumb into the mouth and rhythmically repeating sucking contact for a prolonged duration. It can also be accomplished with any organ within reach and is considered to be sooting and therapeutic for the person. As a child develops the habit, it will usually develop the habit, it will usually develop a favorite finger to suck on. 

 Thumb sucking is appropriate and useful behavior for every young child, "it allows them to comfort and entertain themselves."

  At birth, a baby will reflexively, suck any objects placed in its mouth, this is the sucking reflex, responsible for breastfeeding. From the very first time they engage in nutritive feeding, infants learn that the habit can not only provide valuable nourishment, but also a lot of pleasures, comfort, and warmth. Whether from a mother, bottle, or pacifier, this behavior, over time, beings to become associated with a very strong, self- soothing, and pleasurable oral sensation. This reflex disappears at about 4 months of age, thumb sucking is not purely an instinctive behavior and therefore can last much longer, moreover, ultrasound scans have revealed that thumb sucking can start before birth, as early as 15 weeks from conception, whether this behavior is voluntary or due to random movements of the fetus in the womb is not conclusively known. 

  Thumb sucking is sometimes retained into adulthood and may be due to simple habit continuation. Using anatomical and neurophysiological data a study has found that sucking the thumb is said to stimulate receptors within the brain which cause the release of tension, mentally and physically which shows a scientific standpoint regarding the psychological basis of thumb sucking. 

  Children stop sucking on thumbs, pacifiers or other objects on their own between 2 and 4 of age. No harm is done to their teeth or jaws until permanent teeth start to erupt. The only time it might cause concern is if it goes on beyond 6 to 8 of age. At this time, it may affect the shape of the oral cavity or dentition. During thumbsucking, the tongue sits in a lowered position and so no longer balances the forces from the buccal group of musculature. This results in the narrowing of the upper arch and a posterior crossbite. Thumbsucking can also cause the maxillary central incisors to tip labially and the mandibular incisors to tip lingually, resulting in an increased overjet and anterior open bite malocclusion, as the thumb rests on them during the course of sucking. 

  As children move past toddlerhood and into the preschool years, the thumb sucking crowd begins to dwindle. Nevertheless, one in five children will still be sucking his thumb or finger past his 5th birthday. Thus is the merciless age, the time when teasing begins. Parents begin to worry because the thumb sucking is causing social difficulties for the child. 

 Prolonged finger sucking also can cause minor physical problems like chapped skin, calluses, and fingernail infections. 

Methods to stop sucking habits:

 - Praise children for not sucking, instead of scolding them when they do.

- If a child is sucking their thumb when feeling insecure or needing comfort, focus instead on correcting the cause of the anxiety and provide comfort to your child. 

- If a child is sucking on their thumb because of boredom, try getting the child's attention with a fun activity. 

- Involve older children in the selection of a means to cease thumb sucking.

- The pediatric dentist can offer encouragement to the child what could happen to the child's teeth if he does not stop sucking. 

 - Only if these tips are ineffective remind the child of the habit by bandaging the thumb or putting a sock/glove o the hand at night. 

- Place a bitter-tasting liquid on the nail, at night, as a reminder not to suck. Products for this purpose are sold over the counter, but home remedies can be just as effective. Gloves, or a finger- splint may also be worn at night. 

  While your child is trying to change his or her behavior, it essential to give lots of praise and support, an extra cuddle, a special outing playing a new game together. Be aware of situations that might promote thumb sucking, like tv or riding in the car. Use your imagination to guide your child to other means of solace that are more age-appropriate. 

  If this program doesn't work, don't despair. Breaking a longstanding habit is difficult and some children may need additional help. Talk to your child's dentist, who may recommend inserting a device in the child's mouth that prevents sucking. 


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Golden Quotes of J.T. Kent

                          Golden Quotes of J.T. Kent

    "Our principles have never changed they have always the same and will remain the same. "


     +  As to the use of keynotes, I would impress on you that it is well to gather together all the symptoms with their associations. It will not do to place much dependence on one little symptom, or even on two or three little symptoms. The symptoms of the whole case must be considered and them, if the keynotes and characteristics and everything else cause the remedy to be well rounded out and full, and to look like the whole patient, only then is it suitable. (J.T. Kent)

  +  No organ can make the body sick, man is prior to his organ parts of the body can be removed and yet man will exist. 

- The things that you can see, i.e., the changes in the tissues, are of the least importance, but what you perceive in the patient himself, how he moves and acts, his functions and sensations, are manifestations of what is going on in the internal economy. 

- In the healthy condition of man, the immaterial vital principle animates the material body. 

- Quantity cannot be predicated of simple substance, only quality in degrees of fineness. 

- Medicines affect man primarily by disturbing his affections by disturbing his aversions and desires. The things that he loved to do are changed and now he craves stranges things. 


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Schadenfreude (desire to see other's suffering)

             Schadenfreude (desire to see other's suffering)

      Schadenfreude is the experience of pleasure, joy, or self- satisfaction that comes from learning of or witness the troubles, failures, or humiliation of another. 

      Schadenfreude is a complex emotion, where rather than feeling sympathy towards someone's misfortune, Schadenfreude evokes joyful feelings that take pleasure from watching someone fail. This emotion is displayed more in children than adults, however, adults also experience Schadenfreude, though generally concealed. 

  It is to see or have knowledge of someone's misfortune after the harm they have caused you. The desire to see other's suffering. Schadenfreude is steadily becoming a more popular word according to google. 

Psychological causes:

 Researchers have found that there are three driving forces behind Schadenfreude, aggression, rivalry, and justice. Several studies have produced evidence that self- esteem has a negative relationship with the frequency and intensity of Schadenfreude experienced by an individual. This means that the less self- esteem and individual has, the more frequently and or more intensely they will experience Schadenfreude. The reverse also holds true- those with higher self- esteem experience Schadenfreude less frequently and with less emotional intensity. It is hypothesized that this inverse relationship is mediated through human's psychological inclination to define and protect their self and in group conception. 

. Aggression- based Schadenfreude:
  
 Primarily involves group identity. The joy of observing the suffering of others comes from the observer's failure to represent an improvement or validation of their own group's status in relation to external groups. This is essential, Schadenfreude based on group versus group status. 

. Rivalry- based Schadenfreude:

  It is individualistic and related to interpersonal competition. It arises from a human's desire to stand out from and outperform their peers. Another person's misfortune elicits pleasure because the observer now feels better about their personal identity and self- worth, instead o their group identity. 

Justice- based Schadenfreude:

  It comes from seeing that behavior seen as immoral or bad is punished. It is the pleasure associated with seeing a bad person being harmed or receiving retribution. Schadenfreude is experienced here because it makes people feel that fairness has been restored for a previously un-punished wrong. 


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Straighten spine (Flatback syndrome)

       Straighten spine (Flatback syndrome)

   The flatback syndrome is an abnormal condition where the spine loses its natural low back curve to become flat. It is a type of sagittal imbalance or front to back imbalance in the spine. 

    Normally the spine has several gentle fronts to back curves. The Lumbar (Lower) spine has a lordosis or inward curve. The thoracic (Middle) spine has kyphosis or outward curve, and the cervical spine (neck) has a lordosis. These curves usually work in harmony to keep the body's center of gravity aligned over the hips and pelvis. If the lumbar lordosis is lost the center of gravity can be put too far forward. This is the case in flatback syndrome. 

  The human spine has natural curvatures. When you look at a back from behind, the spine should be straight and centered over the pelvis. However, when you look at the spine from the side, the curves are designed to maintain balance as the spine is behind organs in the chest and abdomen. The spine has two alternating curves to create an "S" like shape. 

  In the neck and low back, there is normally an inward curvature or sway back known as lordosis. I the thoracic spine and sacrum there is an outward curvature known as Kyphosis or hunchback. These curves normally balance out each other so that when the patient stands they are well balanced with their head straight above their hips when viewed from the side. Standing in this position minimizes the effect of gravity and allows the patient to stand with the best posture and use the least energy when moving or walking.

 The flatback syndrome is an abnormal condition where the spine loses its natural low back curve to become flat. The spine becomes imbalanced and the patient leans forward. Patients with flat back syndrome typically notice troubles standing upright or have ongoing back or leg pain. Symptoms usually worsen as the day goes on and the patient feels they lean further and further forward the longer they tey to stand upright. The severity of the symptoms usually depends on the amount of curvature present and difficulties with standing erect.  

 In patients with the flat back syndrome, a loss of normal lumbar curvature causes an imbalance of the spine. The patient's head begins to lean forward, away from the body and they may have trouble standing upright. This imbalance can cause muscle fatigue and pain. 

 The flatback syndrome was first noted in patients who received a specific type of spinal instrumentation for scoliosis treatment. Early types of scoliosis implants, called Harrington rods, allowed the surgeon to straighten the back curvature but also decreased the spine's normal side curvature. 

Causes:
  
  Term flat back syndrome has been broadened to include any patient with a decrease in lumbar lordosis causing symptoms. As such, flat back syndrome can occur as a result of any condition that shortens the front portion of the spine, causing the patient to lean forward. 

   The flatback syndrome may develop as the result of the following causes: Degenerative Disc Disease, Lumbar post Laminectomy syndrome, compression fractures, Ankylosing spondylitis. 

Degenerative Disc Disease:
  
  The progressive degeneration of the intervertebral disc or the shock absorbers of the spine may lead to a loss of height in the front part of the spine. As discs degenerate the spine begins to lean forward and lumbar lordosis decreases. The patient may develop pain as a result of the degenerative disc disease or a result of the spinal imbalance. 

Lumbar post Laminectomy syndrome:

 The lumbar flat back syndrome may develop in patients previously treated with a laminectomy or other lumbar surgery to decompress the spinal nerves to treat stenosis. These procedures can lead to a decrease in lumbar lordosis and in some cases spinal instability. 

Vertebral compression fractures:

  Compression fractures are often the result of weak spinal bones due to Osteoporosis. A fracture can lead to loss of height of the bone in the thoracic and lumbar spine. This may occur in one bone or in multiple bones throughout the spine, resulting in flatback syndrome. 

Ankylosing spondylitis:

 Ankylosing spondylitis is a chronic inflammatory disease that causes stiffness and arthritis throughout the entire spine. Some patients with AS notice an increasing forward posture of the spine, including an increase in thoracic kyphosis or a decrease in lumbar lordosis.  

Symptoms:

  The flatback syndrome can cause difficulty standing upright, chronic pain, and difficulty with daily tasks. In order to stand upright, a person with flatback syndrome must contract the back muscles, and possibly flex at the hips and knees. These maneuvers may temporarily help a person stand upright, but over time, they may result in severe pain. 

Diagnosis:

 To determine the degree of the flatback syndrome, the doctor may order an X-ray test that produces images of the spine and other bones and tissues using invisible electromagnetic rays. This may be a long cassette upright scan that shows the entire spine in a single image. The doctor may also order additional diagnostic procedures to obtain a more detailed image of the spine:

- Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging scan- uses a magnet and radio waves to provide detailed images of the spinal cord, can help identify whether the spinal cord (the bundle of nerves connecting brain and body) has been affected by the spinal curvature. 

- Computed tomography (CT) scan- uses x-rays and a computer to produce detailed images of the body. CT scans are more detailed than general X-rays. 

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Alcoholism

                                                        Alcoholism

Alcoholism is the inability to control drinking due to both a 

physical and emotional dependence on alcohol. 


Symptoms include repeated alcohol consumption despite

related legal and health issues.

  Those with alcoholism may begin each day with a drink, feel guilty about their drinking and have the desire to cut down on the amount of drinking. 

 Treatment involves counseling by a healthcare professional. A detoxification program in a hospital or medical facility is an option for those who need additional assistance. Medications are available that reduce the desire to drink. 

Usually self- diagnosable:

 Symptoms include repeated alcohol consumption despite related legal and health issues. Those with alcoholism may begin each day with a drink, feel guilty about their drinking and have the desire to cut down on the amount of drinking. 

People experience:

whole body: blackout, dizziness, shakiness, craving, or sweating

Behavioral: aggression, agitation, compulsive behavior, self- destructive behavior, or lack of restraint 

mood: anxiety, euphoria, general discontent, guilt, or loneliness

gastrointestinal: nausea or vomiting

psychological: delirium of fear

also common: physical substance dependence, problems with coordination, slurred speech, or tremor. 

Symptoms of alcohol abuse:

  If left untreated, alcohol abuse can spiral out of control quickly. When alcohol abuse begins to negatively impact a person's life and causes harm, it is diagnosed as an alcohol use disorder (AUD). Recognizing the warning signs of alcohol abuse and getting proper treatment can make a significant difference in someone's recovery process. While there is no exact formula for determining whether or not someone is an alcoholic, symptoms often co-occur. One symptom may snowball into another, fueling additional problems down the road. 

- Experiencing temporary blackouts or short-term memory loss

- Exhibiting signs of irritability and extreme mood swings

- Making excuses for drinking such as to relax, deal with stress or feel normal

- Choosing to drink over other responsibilities and obligations

- Becoming isolated and distant from friends and family members. 

- Drinking alone or in secrecy

- Feeling hungover when not drinking

- Changing appearance and group of acquaintances you hang out with

Stages of alcoholism

1- Occasional abuse and binge drinking

 The first stage of alcoholism is a general experimentation with alcohol. These drinkers may be new to different forms of alcohol and likely to test their limits. This experimental stage is commonly seen in young adults. These experimental drinkers also frequently in binge drinking. Many binge drinkers exceed this amount. 

2- Increased drinking 

Drinkers leave the experimental stage when their alcohol consumption becomes more frequent. Instead of just drinking at parties once in a while, you may find yourself drinking every weekend. Increased alcohol consumption can also lead to drinking for these reasons
- as an excuse to get together with friends
- to alleviate stress
- out of boredom
- to combat sadness or loneliness

Regular alcohol use is different from moderate drinking. 

3- Problem drinking

 Frequent, uncontrolled alcohol abuse eventually leads to problem drinking. While any form of alcohol abuse is problematic, the term problem drinking refers to someone who starts experiencing the impacts of their habit. 
- relationship issues 
- decreased social activity because of erratic behavior
- sudden change in friends 
- Difficulty conversing with strangers 

4- Alcohol dependence 

Alcoholism has two facets: dependence and addiction. It's possible for a person to be dependent on alcohol, but not yet addicted. Dependence forms after the problem drinking stage. Another characteristic of dependence is withdrawal. As you sober up, you may feel undesirable symptoms such as:
- nausea that is unrelated to a hangover
- body tremors
- sweating
- severe irritability
- a racing heart
- trouble sleeping

5- Addiction and alcoholism:

 The final stage of alcoholism is an addiction. At this stage, you no longer want to drink just for pleasure. Alcohol addiction is characterized by a physical and psychological need to drink. 

 People with alcohol addiction physically crave the substance and are often inconsolable until they start drinking again. They may be addicted to other drugs as well. Compulsive behaviors are prominent in addiction, and people with alcohol addiction often drink whenever and wherever they desire. 

Diseases associated with alcoholism:

 There are several scientific reasons for the prohibition of consumption of intoxicants i.r. alcohol. The maximum number of deaths in the world related to any one particular cause is due to the consumption of alcohol. Millions of people die every year only because of the intake of alcohol. 
List of few alcohol-related illnesses

- Cirrhosis of the liver is the most well-known alcohol-associated disease

- Other are cancer of the esophagus, cancer of head and neck, cancer of the liver (Hepatoma), cancer of the bowel, etc

- Oesophagitis, gastritis, pancreatitis, and hepatitis are linked with alcohol consumption. 

- Cardiomyopathy, Hypertension, coronary atherosclerosis, angina and heart attacks are linked with heavy alcohol intakes. 

- Stroke, Apoplexy, Fits and different types of paralysis are linked with alcohol intake. 

- Peripheral neuropathy. cortical atrophy, cerebellar atrophy is well- known syndromes caused by alcohol consumption. 

- Wernicke- Korsakoff syndrome with amnesia of recent events, confabulations and retainment of memory to old events with different types of paralysis are mainly due to thiamine deficiency due to excessive alcohol intake. 

- Beriberi and other deficiencies are not uncommon among alcoholics. Even pellagra occurs in alcoholics. 

- Delerium Tremens is a serious complication that may occur during recurrent infection of alcoholics or postoperatively. It occurs during abstentions as a sign of withdrawal effect. It is quite serious and may cause death even if treated in well-equipped centers. 

- Numerous endocrine disorders have associated with alcoholism ranging from Myxodema to Hyperthyroidism and florid Cushing syndrome. 

- Hematological ill effects are long and variable, Folic acid deficiency, however, is the most common manifestation of alcoholic abuse resulting in Macrocytic anemia. Zieve's syndrome is a triad of hemolytic anemia, jaundice, and hyperlipidemia that follows alcoholic binges. 

- Thrombocytopenia and other platelet abnormalities are not rare in alcoholics. 

- The commonly used tablet metronidazole interacts badly with alcohol. 

 - Recurrent infection is very common among chronic alcoholics. The resistance to disease and the immunological defense system are compromised by alcohol intake. 

- Chest infection is notorious in alcoholics. Pneumonia, lung abscess, Emphysema and pulmonary, tuberculosis are all common in alcoholics. 

- During acute alcoholic intoxication, the drunk person usually vomits, the cough reflexes which are protective are paralyzed. The vomitus thus easily passes to the lung causing Pneumonia or lung abscess. Occasionally it may even cause suffocation and death.

- The ill-effects of alcohol consumption on women deserves special women. Females are more vulnerable to alcohol-related cirrhosis than men. During pregnancy alcohol consumption has a severely detrimental effect on the fetus. Fetal alcohol syndrome is being recognized more and more in the medical profession.   

- Skin diseases are also related to alcohol indulgence. 

- Eczema, alopecia, nail dystrophy, paronychia, and angular stomatitis are common diseases among alcoholics. 

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Cystitis

                                                           Cystitis

    Is the medical term for inflammation of the bladder. Most of the time, the inflammation is caused by a bacterial infection, and it's called a urinary tract infection UTI. 

   Cystitis usually occurs when the urethra and bladder, which are normally sterile, or microbe-free, become infected with bacteria.      Cystitis is an infection of the bladder wall that can lead to ongoing discomfort. Bacteria fasten to the lining of the bladder and cause the area to become irritated and inflamed. 

   Cystitis affects people of both sexes and all ages. It is more common among females than males because women have shorter urethras. 

    Around 80% of all urinary tract infections are caused by bacteria from the bowel that reach the urinary tract. Most of these bacteria form part of the healthy intestinal flora, but once they enter the sterile space in the urethra and bladder, they can cause a UTI. UTIs are the most common hospital-acquired infections in the united states, especially among patients using urinary catheters. 

  A urinary tract infection is a bacterial infection that affects any part of the urinary tract. The main etiologic agent is Escherichia coli. Although urine contains a variety of fluids, salts, and waste products. It does not usually have bacteria in it. When bacteria get into the bladder or kidney and multiply in the urine, they may cause a UTI. 

 The most common type of UTI is acute cystitis often referred to as a bladder infection. An infection of the upper urinary tract or kidney is known as pyelonephritis and is potentially more serious. Symptoms include frequent feeling and need to urinate, pain during urination, and cloudy urine. 

 Urinary tract infections are more common in women. They usually occur in the bladder or urethra, but more serious infections involve the kidney. A bladder infection may cause pelvic pain, increased urge to urinate, pain with urination and blood in the urine. A kidney infection may cause back pain, nausea, vomiting, and fever. 

Symptoms:

 The most common symptoms of a bladder infection are burning with urination dysuria, frequency of urination, an urge to urinate, without vaginal discharge or significant pain. An upper urinary tract infection or pyelonephritis may additionally present with flank pain and fever.

   The symptoms of urinary tract infections may vary with age and the part of the urinary system that was affected. In young children, urinary tract infection symptoms may include diarrhea, loss of appetite, nausea, and vomiting, fever and excessive crying that cannot be resolved by typical measures.  Older children, on the other hand, may experience abdominal pain, or incontinence.       Lower urinary tract infections in adults may manifest with symptoms including hematuria, inability to urinate despite the urge and malaise. 

  Other signs of urinary tract infections include foul-smelling urine and urine that appears cloudy. Depending on the site of infection, urinary tract infections may cause different symptoms.  

   Urethritis does not usually any other symptoms besides dysuria. If the bladder is however affected (cystitis), the patient is likely to experience more symptoms including lower abdomen discomfort, low-grade fever, pelvic pressure and frequent urination all together with dysuria. 
   Infection of the kidneys(acute pyelonephritis) typically causes more serious symptoms such as chills, nausea, vomiting and high fever. 

  Common symptoms:

 - Trace of blood in the urine
- Dark, cloudy, or strong-smelling urine
- Pain just above the pubic bone, in the lower back, or in the abdomen
- Burning sensation when urinating
- Urinating frequently or feeling the need to urinate frequently 

 Elderly individuals may feel weak and feverish but have none of the other symptoms mentioned above. They may also present with altered mental status. There is a frequent need to urinate, but only small amounts of urine are passed each time. 

 When children have cystitis, they may have any of the symptoms listed above, plus vomiting and general weakness. Some other illness or conditions have similar symptoms to cystitis, these include:
  
 Urethritis, or inflammation of the urethra
 Bladder pain syndrome
 Prostatitis, or inflammation of the prostate gland
 Benign prostatic hyperplasia, in men 
 Lower urinary tract syndrome 
 Gonorrhea
 Chlamydia 
 Candida, or Thrush

Causes: 

 There are many possible causes of cystitis. Most are infectious, and the majority of these cases stem from an ascending infection. The bacteria enter from the external genitourinary structures.

- Tampon use: when inserting a tampon, there is a slight risk of bacteria entering via the urethra. 

- Inserting, changing, or prolonged use of a urinary catheter, there is a chance the catheter will carry bacteria along the urinary tract. 

- Diaphragm for birth control: There is a higher incidence of cystitis among women who use the diaphragm with spermicides, compared with sexually active women who do not use one.    

- Full bladder: If the bladder is not emptied completely, it creates an environment for bacteria to multiply. This is fairly common among pregnant women or men whose prostates are enlarged. 

- Sexual activity: Sexually active women have a higher risk of bacteria entering via the urethra. 

- Blockage in part of the urinary system that prevents the flow of urine. 

- Other bladder or kidney problems. 

- Frequent or vigorous sex: This increases the chances of physical damage, which in turn increases the likelihood of cystitis. This is sometimes called honeymoon cystitis. 

- Falling estrogen levels: During menopause, estrogen levels drop, and the lining of a women's urethra gets thinner. The thinner the lining becomes, the higher the chances are of infection and damage. After menopause, the risk is higher. 

- Gender: A woman's urethral opening is nearer the anus than a man's, so there is a higher risk of bacteria from the intestines the urethra. 

- Mucus reduction: During menopause, women produce less mucus in the vaginal area. This mucus normally acts as a protective layer against bacteria. 

- Radiotherapy: Damage to the bladder can cause late radiation cystitis. Women on hormone replacement therapy. Lower risk of developing cystitis compared with menopausal women not on HRT. However, HRT has its own set of risks, so it is not routinely used for the treatment of infections cystitis in postmenopausal women. 

Types of Cystitis:

  Cystitis can be either acute or interstitial. Acute cystitis is a case of cystitis that occurs suddenly. Interstitial cystitis is a chronic or long- term case of cystitis that affects multiple layers of bladder tissue. 

Both acute and interstitial cystitis have a range of possible causes. The cause of cystitis determines the type. The following are types of cystitis: 

Bacterial Cystitis:

 Bacterial cystitis occurs when bacteria enter your urethra or bladder and cause an infection. This can also result when normally growing bacteria in your body becomes imbalanced. The infection leads to cystitis or inflammation in your bladder. 

It is important to treat a bladder infection. I the infection spreads you your kidneys it can become a serious health issue. 

 Drug-induced cystitis: 

  Certain medications can cause your bladder to become inflamed. Medicines pass through your body and eventually exit through your urinary system. Some medications can irritate your bladder as they exit your body. For example, the chemotherapy drugs cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide can cause cystitis.

Radiation cystitis:

 Radiation therapy is used to kill cancer and shrink tumors, but it can also damage healthy cells and tissues. Radiation treatment in the pelvic area can cause your bladder to become inflamed. 

Foreign body cystitis:

 Ongoing use of a catheter, a tube used to facilitate the release of urine from the bladder, can increase your risk of bacterial infection, and damage tissues in the urinary tract. Both bacteria and damaged tissues can cause inflammation. 

Chemical cystitis: 

 Certain hygiene products can irritate your bladder. Products that may cause cystitis to include: 

- Spermicidal jellies
- Use of a diaphragm with spermicide
- Feminine hygiene sprays
- Chemicals from a bubble bath

 Cystitis associated with other conditions:

Sometimes cystitis occurs as a symptom of other medical conditions, such as: 

- Diabetes
- Kidney stones
- HIV
- Enlarged prostate 
- Spinal injuries 

Diagnosis:

 A doctor will ask the patient some questions, carry out an examination, and do a urine test. The urine test will either be sent to a laboratory, or the doctor may use a dipstick. Urine dipstick result comes back quickly while the patient is still in the office. 

Urine culture or catheterized urine specimen may be performed to determine the type of bacteria in the urine. After finding out which specific bacterium is causing the infection, the doctor will prescribe an oral antibiotic. 

Most doctors will also offer to test for a sexually transmitted infection. SITs often have similar symptoms to cystitis.  

Home care:

 Home care treatments can help ease discomfort. Common methods are:

- Applying heating pads abdomen or back
- Over- the - counter pain relievers, such as ibuprofen and acetaminophen 
- Sitz baths to cleanse the pelvic area 

   Sometimes you can manage cystitis symptoms at home, without taking medication. These should not replace antibiotics if they are needed to treat a UTI. 

Common home therapy methods are:

- Cranberry juice or tablets
- Drinking lots of fluids 
-  Wearing cotton underwear and loose-fitting clothes
- Avoiding any food or beverages that you suspect make your symptoms worse. 

While recovering from cystitis, you should:

- Drink plenty of fluids
- Avoid caffeinated drinks, as these can irritate your bladder
- Urinate frequently, rather than holding it
- Wear cotton underwear and loose-fitting clothes 

Outlook for cystitis:

 The outlook of cystitis is dependent on the cause of the symptoms. In general, the outlook for cystitis is good. However, it is important to treat the underlying condition as soon as possible. 

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