History of obesity and their prevention
If we get too much food or food that gives our bodies the wrong instruction, we can become overweight, undernourished, and at risk for the development of diseases and condition. In short, what we eat is central to our health.
Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have a negative effect on health. People are generally considered obese when their body mass index (BMI), a measurement obtained by dividing a person weight by the square of the person height, is over 30 kg/m2 with the range 25-30 kg/m2 defined as overweight. Obesity increases the likelihood of various diseases and condition, particularly cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, obstructive sleep apnea, certain types of cancer, osteoarthritis and depression.
Obesity is most commonly caused by a combination of excessive food intake, lack of physical activity, and genetic susceptibility. A few cases are caused primarily by genes, endocrine disorders, medication or mental disorder. The view that obese people have a greater energy expenditure than their normal counterparts due to the energy required to maintain an increased body mass.
Etymology:
Historical attitudes etymology:
Obesity has thus historically been viewed as a sign of wealth and prosperity. It was common among high officials in Europe in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance as well as in Ancient East Asian civilizations in the 17th centuries, English medical author Tobias Venner is credited with being one of the first to refer to the term as a societal disease in a published English language book. With the onset of the industrial revolution, it was realized that the military and economic might of nations were dependent on both the body the body size and strength of their soldiers and workers. Increasing the average body mass index from what is now considered underweight to what is now the normal range played a significant role in the development of industrialized societies.
Many cultures throughout history have viewed obesity as the result of a character flaw. The obesus or fat character in Ancient Greek comedy was a glutton and figure of mockery. During Christian times the food was viewed as a gateway to the sins of sloth and lust. In modern western culture, excess weight is often regarded as unattractive, and obesity is commonly associated with various negative stereotypes. People of all ages can face social stigmatization and may be targeted by bullies or shunned by their peers.
Public perception in western society regarding body weight differ from those regarding the weight that is considered ideal and both have changed since the beginning of the 20th century. The weight that is viewed as an ideal has become lower since the 1920s. This is illustrated by the fact that the average height of Miss America pageant winners increased by 2% from 1922 to 1999, while their average weight decreased by 12%. On the other hand peoples views concerning healthy have changed in the opposite direction. In Britain, the weight people considered themselves to be overweight was significantly higher in 2007 than in 1999.
These changes are believed to be due to increasing rates of adiposity leading to increased acceptance of extra body fat as being normal. Obesity is still as a sign wealth and well-being in many parts of Africa. This has become particularly common since the HIV epidemic began.
Classification:
BMI from 0 to 18.5 is underweight
Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have a negative effect on health. People are generally considered obese when their body mass index (BMI), a measurement obtained by dividing a person weight by the square of the person height, is over 30 kg/m2 with the range 25-30 kg/m2 defined as overweight. Obesity increases the likelihood of various diseases and condition, particularly cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, obstructive sleep apnea, certain types of cancer, osteoarthritis and depression.
Obesity is most commonly caused by a combination of excessive food intake, lack of physical activity, and genetic susceptibility. A few cases are caused primarily by genes, endocrine disorders, medication or mental disorder. The view that obese people have a greater energy expenditure than their normal counterparts due to the energy required to maintain an increased body mass.
Etymology:
Historical attitudes etymology:
Obesity has thus historically been viewed as a sign of wealth and prosperity. It was common among high officials in Europe in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance as well as in Ancient East Asian civilizations in the 17th centuries, English medical author Tobias Venner is credited with being one of the first to refer to the term as a societal disease in a published English language book. With the onset of the industrial revolution, it was realized that the military and economic might of nations were dependent on both the body the body size and strength of their soldiers and workers. Increasing the average body mass index from what is now considered underweight to what is now the normal range played a significant role in the development of industrialized societies.
Many cultures throughout history have viewed obesity as the result of a character flaw. The obesus or fat character in Ancient Greek comedy was a glutton and figure of mockery. During Christian times the food was viewed as a gateway to the sins of sloth and lust. In modern western culture, excess weight is often regarded as unattractive, and obesity is commonly associated with various negative stereotypes. People of all ages can face social stigmatization and may be targeted by bullies or shunned by their peers.
Public perception in western society regarding body weight differ from those regarding the weight that is considered ideal and both have changed since the beginning of the 20th century. The weight that is viewed as an ideal has become lower since the 1920s. This is illustrated by the fact that the average height of Miss America pageant winners increased by 2% from 1922 to 1999, while their average weight decreased by 12%. On the other hand peoples views concerning healthy have changed in the opposite direction. In Britain, the weight people considered themselves to be overweight was significantly higher in 2007 than in 1999.
These changes are believed to be due to increasing rates of adiposity leading to increased acceptance of extra body fat as being normal. Obesity is still as a sign wealth and well-being in many parts of Africa. This has become particularly common since the HIV epidemic began.
Classification:
BMI from 0 to 18.5 is underweight
Obesity is from the Latin obesity, which means "stout, fat, or plump. Esus is the past participle of edere (to eat). with ob (over) added to it. The Oxford dictionary documents its first usage in 1611 by Randle Cotgrave.
During the Middle Ages and the Renaissance obesity often seen as a sign of wealth and was relatively common among the elite. The Tuscan Alessandro del Borro attributed to Charles Mellin,1645.
Ancient Greek medicine recognizes obesity as a medical disorder and records that the Ancient Egyptians saw it in the same way. Hippocrates wrote that "Corpulence is not only a disease itself but the harbinger of others. The Indian surgeon Sushruta (6th century BCE) related obesity to diabetes and heart disorders. He recommended physical work to help cure it and its side effects for most human history mankind struggled with food scarcity.
BMI from 18.5 to 25.0 is normal weight
BMI from 25.0 to 30.0 is overweight
BMI from 30.0 to 35.0 is class 1 obesity
BMI from 35.0 to 40.0 is class 2 obesity
BMI from 40.0 or more is class 3 obesity
Obesity and BMI:
A super obese male with a BMI of 53 kg/m2, weight 182 kg(400 lb), height 185 cm(6 ft 1in). He presents with stretch marks and enlarged breasts.
Effects on health:
Excessive body weight is associated with various diseases and condition, particularly cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus type2, obstructive sleep apnea, certain types of cancer, osteoarthritis and asthma. As a result, obesity has been found to reduce life expectancy.
Mortality:
The relative risk of death over 10 years for white men(left) and women (right) who have never smoked in the united states by BMI. Obesity is one of the leading preventable causes of death worldwide. A number of reviews have found that mortality risk is lowest at a BMI of 20-25 kg/m2 in non-smokers and at 24-27 kg/m2 in current smokers, with risk increasing along with a change in either direction. This appears to apply in at least four continents. In contrast, a 2013 review found that grade 1 obesity (BMI 30-35) was not associated with higher mortality than normal weight and that overweight (BMI 18.5-25,30) was associated with lower mortality than was a normal weight (BMI 18.5-25).
Morbidity:
Obesity increases the risk of many physical and mental condition. These comorbidities are most commonly shown in metabolic syndrome, a combination of medical disorders which includes diabetes mellitus type2, high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol and high triglyceride levels. The complication is either directly caused by obesity-related through mechanism sharing a common cause such as a poor diet or a sedentary lifestyle. The strength of the link between obesity and specific conditions varies. One of the strongest in men and 77% of cases in women.
Causes:
A 2006 review identified ten other possible contributors to the recent increase of obesity 1: Insufficient sleep 2: Endocrine disruptors (environmental pollutants that interfere with lipid metabolism) 3: Decreased variability in ambient temperature, 4: Decreased rates of smoking because smoking suppresses appetite 5: Increased use of medications that can cause weight gain 6: Proportional increases in ethnic and age groups that tend to be heavier 7: Pregnancy at a later age. 8: Epigenetic risk factors passed on generationally. 9: Natural selection for higher BMI. 10: Associative mating leading to increasing population variance in weight.
Diet:
A 2016 review supports excess food as the primary factor. Dietary energy supply per capita varies markedly between different regions and countries. It has also changed significantly over time, from the early 1970s to the late 1990s the average food energy available per person per day (the amount of food bought) increased in all parts of the world.
Sedentary life:
A sedentary life plays a significant role in obesity. Worldwide there has been a large shift towards less physically demanding work, and currently at least 30% of the world's transportation and a greater prevalence of labor-saving technology in the home. In children there appear to be a decline in levels of physical activity due to less walking physical education. World trends in active leisure time physical activity are less clear.
In both children and adults, there is an association between television viewing time and the risk of obesity.
Genetics:
Like many other medical conditions, obesity is the of an interplay between genetic and environmental factors polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose to obesity when sufficient food energy is present. As of 2006, more than 41 of these sites on the human genome have been linked to the development of obesity when a favorable is present.
Other illness:
Certain physical and mental illness and the pharmaceutical substances used to treat them can increase risk of obesity, a medical illness that increase obesity risk several rare genetic syndromes as well as some congenital or acquired conditions Hypothyroidism, Cushing's syndrome, Growth hormone deficiency, and the eating disorders, being eating disorder and night eating syndrome.
Social determinants:
While genetic influences are important to understanding obesity, they cannot explain the current dramatic increase within specific countries or globally. Though it is accepted that energy consumption in excess of energy expenditure to leads obesity on an individual basis, the cause of the shift in these two factors on the societal scale is much debated. There are a number of theories as for the cause but most believe it is a combination of various factors.
Management:
The main treatment for obesity consists of dieting and physical exercise. Diet programs may produce weight loss over the short term, but maintaining this weight loss is frequently difficult and often requires making exercise and a lower food energy diet a permanent part of a person's lifestyle. In the short-term low carbohydrate diets appear than low-fat diets for weight loss. In the long term. however, all types of low-carbohydrate and low-fat diets appear equally beneficial. A 2014 review found that the heart disease and diabetes risks associated with different diets appear to be similar. Promotion of the Mediterranean diets among the obese may mower the risk of heart disease. Decreased intake of sweet drinks is also related to weight-loss. Success rates of long-term weight loss maintenance with lifestyle changes are low, ranging from 2-20%. Dietary and lifestyle changes are effective in limiting excessive weight gain in pregnancy and improve outcomes for both the mother and the child. Intensive behavioral counseling recommended in those who are both obese and have other risk factors for heart disease.
Epidemiology:
In earlier historical periods obesity was rare, and achievable only by a small elite, although already recognized as a problem for health, as prosperity increased in the early modern period, it affected increasingly large groups of the population. In 1997 the WHO formally recognized obesity as a global epidemic. As of 2008, the WHO estimates that at least 500 million adults (greater than 10%) are obese, with higher rates among women than men. The percentage of adults affected in the united states as of 2014 is about 38% overall (35% of males and 40% of females). The rate of obesity also increases with age at least up to 50 or 60 years old and severe obesity in the united states, Australia, and Canada is increasing faster than the overall rate of obesity.
Genetics:
Like many other medical conditions, obesity is the of an interplay between genetic and environmental factors polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose to obesity when sufficient food energy is present. As of 2006, more than 41 of these sites on the human genome have been linked to the development of obesity when a favorable is present.
Other illness:
Certain physical and mental illness and the pharmaceutical substances used to treat them can increase risk of obesity, a medical illness that increase obesity risk several rare genetic syndromes as well as some congenital or acquired conditions Hypothyroidism, Cushing's syndrome, Growth hormone deficiency, and the eating disorders, being eating disorder and night eating syndrome.
Social determinants:
While genetic influences are important to understanding obesity, they cannot explain the current dramatic increase within specific countries or globally. Though it is accepted that energy consumption in excess of energy expenditure to leads obesity on an individual basis, the cause of the shift in these two factors on the societal scale is much debated. There are a number of theories as for the cause but most believe it is a combination of various factors.
Management:
The main treatment for obesity consists of dieting and physical exercise. Diet programs may produce weight loss over the short term, but maintaining this weight loss is frequently difficult and often requires making exercise and a lower food energy diet a permanent part of a person's lifestyle. In the short-term low carbohydrate diets appear than low-fat diets for weight loss. In the long term. however, all types of low-carbohydrate and low-fat diets appear equally beneficial. A 2014 review found that the heart disease and diabetes risks associated with different diets appear to be similar. Promotion of the Mediterranean diets among the obese may mower the risk of heart disease. Decreased intake of sweet drinks is also related to weight-loss. Success rates of long-term weight loss maintenance with lifestyle changes are low, ranging from 2-20%. Dietary and lifestyle changes are effective in limiting excessive weight gain in pregnancy and improve outcomes for both the mother and the child. Intensive behavioral counseling recommended in those who are both obese and have other risk factors for heart disease.
Epidemiology:
In earlier historical periods obesity was rare, and achievable only by a small elite, although already recognized as a problem for health, as prosperity increased in the early modern period, it affected increasingly large groups of the population. In 1997 the WHO formally recognized obesity as a global epidemic. As of 2008, the WHO estimates that at least 500 million adults (greater than 10%) are obese, with higher rates among women than men. The percentage of adults affected in the united states as of 2014 is about 38% overall (35% of males and 40% of females). The rate of obesity also increases with age at least up to 50 or 60 years old and severe obesity in the united states, Australia, and Canada is increasing faster than the overall rate of obesity.
Once considered a problem only of high0income countries, obesity rates are rising worldwide and affecting both the developed and developing world. These increases have been felt most dramatically in an urban setting. The only remaining region of the world where obesity is not common is Sub-saharan Africa.
Limit these foods and drinks:
Sugar-sweetened beverages(soda, fruit drinks, sports drinks)
Fruit juice (no more than a small amount per day)
Refined grain(white bread, white rice, white pasta)and sweet.
Potatoes(baked or fried)
Limit these foods and drinks:
Sugar-sweetened beverages(soda, fruit drinks, sports drinks)
Fruit juice (no more than a small amount per day)
Refined grain(white bread, white rice, white pasta)and sweet.
Potatoes(baked or fried)
Red meat(beef, lamb) and processed meats (salami, ham, bacon, sausage).
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