Toxic shock syndrome

                                

                               Toxic shock syndrome

  Toxic shock syndrome is a rare, life-threatening complication of certain types of bacterial infections. Often toxic shock syndrome results from toxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus (staph) bacteria, but the condition may also be caused by toxins produced by group A streptococcus (strep) bacteria.

   Toxic shock syndrome has been associated primarily with the use of superabsorbent tampons. However, since manufacturers pulled certain types of tampons off the market, the incidence of toxic shock syndrome in menstruating women has declined.

   Toxic shock syndrome can affect anyone, including men, children, and postmenopausal women. Risk factors for toxic shock syndrome include skin wounds and surgery.

Fewer than 100 thousand cases per year (India)

Symptoms

Possible signs and symptoms of toxic shock syndrome include:

·  A sudden high fever

·  Low blood pressure (hypotension)

·  Vomiting or diarrhea

·  A rash resembling a sunburn, particularly on your palms and soles

· Confusion

·  Muscle aches

· Redness of your eyes, mouth, and throat

· Seizures

· Headaches

Causes:

Most commonly, Staphylococcus aureus (staph) bacteria cause toxic shock syndrome. The syndrome can also be caused by group A streptococcus (strep) bacteria.

Risk factors:

Toxic shock syndrome can affect anyone. About half the cases of toxic shock syndrome associated with Staphylococci bacteria occur in women of menstruating age; the rest occur in older women, men, and children. Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome occurs in people of all ages.

Toxic shock syndrome has been associated with:

·  Having cuts or burns on your skin

·   Having had recent surgery

·  Using contraceptive sponges, diaphragms or superabsorbent tampons

·  Having a viral infection, such as the flu or chickenpox

Complications

Toxic shock syndrome can progress rapidly.

 Complications may include:

. Shock

. Renal failure

. Death

Prevention:

Manufacturers of tampons sold in the United States no longer use the materials or designs that were associated with toxic shock syndrome. Also, the Food and Drug Administration requires manufacturers to use standard measurement and labeling for absorbency and to print guidelines on the boxes.

If you use tampons, read the labels and use the lowest absorbency tampon you can. Change tampons frequently, at least every four to eight hours. Alternate using tampons and sanitary napkins, and use mini pads when your flow is light.

Toxic shock syndrome can recur. People who've had it once can get it again. If you've had toxic shock syndrome or a prior serious staph or strep infection, don't use tampons.

  Thinking of shocking injuries as the result of shocking violence: the war veterans with missing limbs, the disfigured survivors of a car crash. One of the many things that made Channel 4’s documentary, The Extraordinary Case of Alex Lewis, so genuinely extraordinary was that the subject of it didn’t lose all four limbs and part of his face to an IED, but to a common bacterium. In a rare case of Toxic Shock Syndrome, he started out with a cold but ended minutes from death, a tiny organism that normally lives harmlessly on our skin laying waste to his body.

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